The Rostow’s Stage of Growth model is one of the major historical models of economic growth; the model simply postulates the process in five basic stages, includes traditional society, preconditions for take-off, takeoff, drive to murturity, and age of high mass consumption. A model made of criticism to Rostow’s model, Core-Periphery, was presented by Wallerstein. The Core-Periphery analyzed the world economic systems is using developed countries, as the core area, and developing countries as peripheral area. There are three main differences between the two models.
Firstly, Rostow’s five stage model clearly stated stages of which countries should go through for the whole process of developing, while the core-periphery concept made by Wallerstein stated the process of development without clear steps that made it unclear to see the definition for development with defined values and factors. Secondly, Rostow’s model concentrates on individual development - it excludes the factor of international trading. Thus Rostow’s model becomes blurry when it comes to explain for the effects from international trading and when asked to locate the reasons why did some countries move forward whereas some move backwards. However, Core-periphery model looks at the development at a global-scale, where it explains why did some countries could not move forward in development. Thirdly, Rostow’s model seems to see countries smoothly go through stages and develop from bottom to top. It does not include the uneven distribution of resources. For Core-periphery model, it accounts underdevelopment in the theory as a basic characteristic of the economy.
Using the Core-Periphery model, Mexico is a semi-periphery country, where it manufactures goods such as electronics and automobiles. It is also estimated that it will have the 5th largest economy in the world by 2050, according to Goldman Sachs. The country is gradually having characteristics such as advanced technology, high profits, high wages, and diversified production; however, according to Baboons and Alvarez-Rivadulla (2007), Mexico has been consistently classified into one of the three zones - core, semi-periphery, or periphery, over the entire 28 years study period.
First example, the tea from Nantou from Taiwan is both grow and manufacture in the city, whereas it exports to Taipei, Taiwan for there has bigger consumption. Second example, woods from Ehime Ken (愛媛県), Japan, has 45.1% of the wood industry in Japan.
2. A superimposed boundary, as defined, is the placement of forceful boundary, political boundary, that ignores existing ethnic groups or other cultural organization in the area.
In fact, there are several consequences with superimposed boundaries within African countries. For example, Nigeria, it was composed of three regions as independent country, including regional tribal Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Ibo. Regions were divided again and rearrange to ensure civil war do not occur. Firstly, it was a cultural differences within three groups. Igbo occurred to be the first who attack Northern and Western Region, while led to an increase of ethnic conflict. Secondly, the government, predominated by North and West, sided attack Southeastern area. The isolation from trade and supply increases the rate of warfare, disease, and starvation. Last yet the most conflicted one - it seemed to be western countries who were behind the scenes, including France, Egypt, the Soviet Union, and Britain. They definitely aided supplies with different areas, which in fact worsen the situation. There are also many landlocked African countries where they face issues. Mali, located in western Africa, is a landlocked country. It is actually the world’s 24th largest country. Its geography is flat, covered by sand. Also it receives negligible rain that droughts are usually the case. Mail, from South is grass lands, sub savanna, semi-dessert and dessert toward the North. Due to the limited amount use of water and other causes, only 2/3 of the population get to have clean water resources. It causes disease and the life expectancy is low - average with 45 years old. It was harsh for them with water resources, however, they started to use hydroelectricity and manage to use it and efficiently that such electricity provides over half of Mali’s electric power, though only 55% of the population in cities have the access. The geography is definitely a hardship and problem for Mali to transport energy and water resources from cities to other areas in the north.
Bibliography - Electronic Resource
Gold Sachs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs
At the Edge of the World: Boundaries, Territoriality, and Sovereignty in AfricaPublic Culture At the Edge of the World: Boundaries, Territoriality, and Sovereignty in Africa http://publicculture.org/articles/view/12/1/at-the-edge-of-the-world-boundaries-territoriality-and-sovereignty-in-africa
World Regional Geography http://academic.wsc.edu/faculty/raberto1/geo_120_wrg/WRG_Review_3.html
Boundaries http://www.lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=129
List of conflicts in Africa http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa
Wiki Mali http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali#Geography
Wiki 愛媛県http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/愛媛県
Firstly, Rostow’s five stage model clearly stated stages of which countries should go through for the whole process of developing, while the core-periphery concept made by Wallerstein stated the process of development without clear steps that made it unclear to see the definition for development with defined values and factors. Secondly, Rostow’s model concentrates on individual development - it excludes the factor of international trading. Thus Rostow’s model becomes blurry when it comes to explain for the effects from international trading and when asked to locate the reasons why did some countries move forward whereas some move backwards. However, Core-periphery model looks at the development at a global-scale, where it explains why did some countries could not move forward in development. Thirdly, Rostow’s model seems to see countries smoothly go through stages and develop from bottom to top. It does not include the uneven distribution of resources. For Core-periphery model, it accounts underdevelopment in the theory as a basic characteristic of the economy.
Using the Core-Periphery model, Mexico is a semi-periphery country, where it manufactures goods such as electronics and automobiles. It is also estimated that it will have the 5th largest economy in the world by 2050, according to Goldman Sachs. The country is gradually having characteristics such as advanced technology, high profits, high wages, and diversified production; however, according to Baboons and Alvarez-Rivadulla (2007), Mexico has been consistently classified into one of the three zones - core, semi-periphery, or periphery, over the entire 28 years study period.
First example, the tea from Nantou from Taiwan is both grow and manufacture in the city, whereas it exports to Taipei, Taiwan for there has bigger consumption. Second example, woods from Ehime Ken (愛媛県), Japan, has 45.1% of the wood industry in Japan.
2. A superimposed boundary, as defined, is the placement of forceful boundary, political boundary, that ignores existing ethnic groups or other cultural organization in the area.
In fact, there are several consequences with superimposed boundaries within African countries. For example, Nigeria, it was composed of three regions as independent country, including regional tribal Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Ibo. Regions were divided again and rearrange to ensure civil war do not occur. Firstly, it was a cultural differences within three groups. Igbo occurred to be the first who attack Northern and Western Region, while led to an increase of ethnic conflict. Secondly, the government, predominated by North and West, sided attack Southeastern area. The isolation from trade and supply increases the rate of warfare, disease, and starvation. Last yet the most conflicted one - it seemed to be western countries who were behind the scenes, including France, Egypt, the Soviet Union, and Britain. They definitely aided supplies with different areas, which in fact worsen the situation. There are also many landlocked African countries where they face issues. Mali, located in western Africa, is a landlocked country. It is actually the world’s 24th largest country. Its geography is flat, covered by sand. Also it receives negligible rain that droughts are usually the case. Mail, from South is grass lands, sub savanna, semi-dessert and dessert toward the North. Due to the limited amount use of water and other causes, only 2/3 of the population get to have clean water resources. It causes disease and the life expectancy is low - average with 45 years old. It was harsh for them with water resources, however, they started to use hydroelectricity and manage to use it and efficiently that such electricity provides over half of Mali’s electric power, though only 55% of the population in cities have the access. The geography is definitely a hardship and problem for Mali to transport energy and water resources from cities to other areas in the north.
Bibliography - Electronic Resource
Gold Sachs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs
At the Edge of the World: Boundaries, Territoriality, and Sovereignty in AfricaPublic Culture At the Edge of the World: Boundaries, Territoriality, and Sovereignty in Africa http://publicculture.org/articles/view/12/1/at-the-edge-of-the-world-boundaries-territoriality-and-sovereignty-in-africa
World Regional Geography http://academic.wsc.edu/faculty/raberto1/geo_120_wrg/WRG_Review_3.html
Boundaries http://www.lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=129
List of conflicts in Africa http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa
Wiki Mali http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali#Geography
Wiki 愛媛県http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/愛媛県